What it is
A cell experiment can reveal a mechanism. An animal study can test a hypothesis in a living system. Observational human data can find associations. Randomized trials can help determine treatment effects.
What the evidence tells us
Read the population, comparator, sample size, endpoint, follow-up and adverse events. An improvement in a biomarker may not improve symptoms, function or survival.
What remains uncertain
A small positive trial needs replication. Negative results matter. Avoid transferring findings between species, routes, sequences or formulations without supporting evidence.
Check the population, product, route, comparator and outcome. A laboratory mechanism is not a proven health benefit, and a supplier’s certificate is not a clinical study.
Follow the evidence
Sources accessed 10 September 2026. Vendor claims and vendor-hosted reports are identified as such.